Short Answers (prose)

As noted in the Critical Thinking section of Weiten and McCann (2007, pp. 432-433), people display a number of common fallacies in their reasoning. Identify the fallacy in the following statement. Provide support for your answer. "We need to control street prostitution because it is currently unregulated."

Indicate which theory of emotion--James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter's Two-Factor, or Evolutionary--applies in the examples given below. More than one theory may apply. Justify or support your explanation according to the components or characteristics of the theory. 2. It has been more than two years since Julie's mother died, but she still breaks into tears at the first thought of her. The feelings of loss have deeply saddened Julie and have caused her to withdraw from social contact with her friends. She says she feels depressed because she is always crying.

Indicate whether each of the following subjects is in Stage 1: Alarm, Stage 2: Resistance, or Stage 3: Exhaustion, of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, or not in any of the stages. Support your answer. 1. Jim was out of breath and his heart was pounding faster than he could ever remember. He startled his fellow hikers with his account of running hard after coming face-to-face with a bear. Jim immediately resolved to discontinue his brief excursions away from the main group of hikers.

Jeremy was taken to a hospital emergency ward by his friends. When the emergency doctor went to examine Jeremy, she found him pacing the examining room, shouting obscenities at the nurses, and wringing his hands together. Jeremy told the doctor that he had died inside and that his body would soon be completely rotten.

Identify the Piagetian stage of cognitive development of the main character in the following illustration. Support your answer. 1. Eleanor is distracted as she sits at her desk in class. She is thinking about her parents. "Maybe Mom is bitchy because Dad nagged her, or maybe because she and Dad are upset and worried about the kitchen renovation bills."

Identify the stage of personality development, as proposed by Erikson, in the following scenario. Support your answer. 2. Jocelyn is 25 years old. She feels very insecure about some of the personal and career choices she has made so far. Consequently, at this stage of her life, she is unwilling to search for a serious, committed relationship with another person.

Is the following an illustration of a person-oriented, humanistic, or a trait-oriented approach? Support your answer. 3. Roger Carlson, a psychologist, has been studying adults who are considered by their peers to be well adjusted. He is interested in how they come to be well adjusted and what enables them to stay that way. Much of his research has focused on how these people view themselves and how this view was developed. He is also interested in how this perception continues to influence their behaviour as adults.

In each of the following examples, indicate the broad category of therapy (i.e., biological, insight, social-behavioural, biomedical) and the sub-therapy (i.e., psychoanalysis, client-centred, social skills training, drug treatment, behavioural, group, and so on) being used. Support your answer. 1. Mike went to a therapist because he felt inadequate at work and at home with his family. The therapist asked Mike to describe his childhood. After every few sentences Mike would stop, but his therapist would urge him to go on and say whatever came to mind.

Heather is a smoker who is unable to quit, even though she knows that smoking is ruining her health. She finally decides to enter therapy in an attempt to control her desire for cigarettes. The therapist has Heather wear a rubber band on her wrist and tells her that every time she wants to have a cigarette she should snap the rubber band as hard as she can.

In the following example, decide which theory applies: bystander effect or cognitive dissonance. Justify your answer. In the case of cognitive dissonance theory, explain how the dissonance is reduced. 3. Doris and her friends are eating lunch at their favourite sidewalk café. The place is very busy and they were lucky to find a table. Suddenly, they hear a loud crash from inside the restaurant, followed by voices yelling. One voice sounds like a woman and the other is definitely that of a man making threats. Doris looks at her friends. All of them shrug and continue with their lunc

Indicate whether or not the following illustration represents an experiment. If the illustration is an experiment, specify the independent variable, the dependent variable, and at least one controlled variable. Also, explain whether it is a between-subjects design or a within-subjects design, or both. Be able to justify each of your answers. Dr. Nells was interested in poetry learning. He devised a project that involved two groups of Grade 10 students. One group read the poem "In Flanders Fields" and saw a documentary film illustrating each theme in the poem. The other group read the poem but did not see the film. Both groups were then given the same test on the poem. Dr. Nells found that the film-study group did better than the other group on test items based on information from the film. However, on test items not based on the film, the film-study group achieved less than the group that did not see the film.

Identify which broad category of test (i.e., mental ability, personality) and which type of specific test category (i.e., achievement, aptitude, intelligence, creativity) is illustrated by each of the following examples. You may refer to more than one kind of test. Support your answers, where appropriate, by commenting on the validity and reliability of the type of test that you identify. Rick was writing a test for admission to pilot school. He was required to visualize pictures from a different angle and then draw them.